Application of Computer, Computer Science Notes part-2
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Application of Computer:
The computer is the most powerful instrument man has ever produced. It has a great impact on every aspect of mankind and plays an important role in our society. Computer technology is one of the fastest developing technologies. It has numerous impacts on the daily life of modern society. Every sphere of life and education is influenced by this technology. Earlier the computer was a massive, special-purpose instrument/device that only huge institution/organization could afford for complex scientific calculations. They used for lunching the precise orbit of Ballistic Missile or spacecraft and processing statistics for the Bureau of the Census and other engineering purposes,
Nowadays, computer is used in education; to teach students through multimedia, in business; to perform accounting and financial work, tabulation of results, in office; office automation to accurate reschedule secretarial job, managerial job, make decision, business plan activities and organization activities into specific tasks, in communication; to communicate people to receive, and send, information, process their message in accurate given format of time, in bank work; analyze transaction of cash of several sub branches, analyze them for future use to maintain and sort the records of clients, in hospitals; do medical diagnosis, to diagnose diseases and prescribe medicines, to perform clinical tests, in factory; to make automatic control of devices, counting mechanism, and its process, in military; to control of military equipment and search certain areas, to help police in crime investigation, in airways; make the route of aircraft landing and departure guidelines, air traffic control and air ticket issue and reservation system, in robotics; to control robots and its simulation that is use for science and technology and so on. In this chapter these important application of computer are discussed below:
1. Computer in Education
In education, most schools and universities in the world are using computers for learning purposes. It has been proved that learning with computers has been more successful and this is why numerous forms of new teaching methods have been introduced. This enhances the knowledge of computers in our daily life – whether we are at the cinema, the school, or the public library. The beginning of computer literacy is already apparent.
In educational institutions, the computer is used as teaching aids, information resources and computing and research means or tools. When a computer is used as a teaching tool, it is referred to as computer-added (assisted) instruction (CAI). The CAI programs can be prepared in a variety of modes, such as tutorial, discovery, problem-solving, modeling, and drill and practice mode. The computer has generated a new subject of study in terms of Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and ICT. It is also used to prepare documents, reports, presentations.
2. Computer in Business
In the business sector, a Point of Sale (POS) -terminal is mostly used in department Malls, shops and other retail centers to process sale transactions. The computer prints name of the item, rate, and price validated to date and other details on the receipt and issues the receipt to the customer, then the total amount to be paid. Most notable thing is that it also updates sale records and inventory control. E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is being popular these days. It is the process of selling and buying products or services by using an electronic medium. Payments are done electronically through the computer.
3. Computer in Office
In office, the computer is used in preparing the report, memorandum, and copy of advertisement, letter, publicity, contract, form, note, and notice that is the basic works of an office. It helps the user in preparing, storing, retrieving, and displaying text. In office accounting, billing preparation of payrolls, data analysis, auditing, investment, inventory control, preparation of budgets, sales analysis is also performed. In most of the computerized office, word processing and spread applications are used.
4. Computer in Communication
The computer is massively used in communication. Communication is done by email, chat, online conferencing (computer conferencing, teleconferencing or audio or video conferencing), e-fax throughout a computer network that connects a number of computers or workstations with the help of Internet. In communications, computers are used to view and post news on computer Bulletin Board System (BBS), for electronic shopping, banking and brokerage and to get information services.
Most of all, computers are the backbone of all the telecommunication companies and telecommunication means. It has made the communication faster, easier, and cheaper.
5. Computer in Bank
Banks use the computer for general-purpose computations, to handle the transaction, to maintain the ledger, to issue fixed deposit receipts, to make withdrawals and deposits to customers, to provide online service to customers who want to perform bank transactions from terminals and to answer customers regarding their balance.
Even though handling the cash, banks use cash dispensing machines, this is mainly a microprocessor-based device. The large volume of a cheque received every day in banks is processed by computers. To handle this task magnetic-ink character reader is employed with computers. With the use of a computer, the electronic transfer of funds from one account to another has become possible. The customers from their preferred places (home, office, or store) can insert their identification number and type the transaction details on the terminal’s keyboard. Immediately the amount they specify will move out of their account and enter another’s account.
These days, banks provide 24 hours ATM service, where user can withdraw their money anytime from the ATM machine by using the ATM card. Online banking service is being popular, which is the process of performing banking transactions using the Internet.
6. Computer in Health and Medical Field
The computer is widely used in hospitals to help doctors in diagnosis, getting information about patient’s diseases, required treatments, keeping patient records, online booking. It is also used in administration for keeping patient records. Doctors can get information from distant data banks and expert systems. They can discuss with colleagues using teleconferencing or online conferencing.
Many medical databases are being developed; they contain information about diseases and their treatment. Doctors are taking the help of expert systems in the diagnosis and treatment of a patient. An expert system is a program based on the expert knowledge of specialists. It is a diagnostic tool for doctors. The doctors have to supply detailed information such as symptoms, medical history, and test results to get the information from the expert system.
One of the most important things is that the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), CT scan machine, eye testing machines, ultrasonic machine are attached or built within the computers.
7. Computer in Industry
In industry, the computer is extensively used for automatic control of machines, processes, measurement, and display of electrical and physical quantities. For example, automatic control of temperature of a heating system, the speed of a motor, the voltage of generator, the pressure of boiler, testing of products, all is a microprocessor-based computer system.
A microprocessor-based computer system can monitor, measure, control and displays any part of physical and electrical quantities like the pressure of boilers, the temperature of heating system, displacement of devices, deflection of the object, force, strain, voltage, current, power, frequency output of generators, and water level.
If any fault occurs on any part of the system, it immediately alarms and disconnects the faulty part from the healthy part of the system.
8. Computer in Military
The computer is widely used for defense purposes. At present, sophisticated weapons are being widely used in military operations with refined microprocessor-based control systems. These are Modern tanks, missiles, fighter planes.
In guided missiles, tanks, fighter planes or even arms use the internal computer for their control. Computer’s memory holds a detailed map of the target area. Photographs of the target area are taken and compared with the stored map before it hits the target. These computer-guided missiles or fighter planes are flying faster and turn more quickly as compared to manned aircraft. They can fly into dangerous zones without the risk of a pilot’s life. In this way, the computer plays vital role in military system.
9. Computer in Aviation
In aviation, computer stores all necessary information regarding ticket reservations, such as flight number, flight route, flight distance, number of seats available for each flight in each class, ticket fare. It also stores information regarding persons who have already reserved. The person sitting at the counter gets information immediately whether seat on a particular date, in a particular flight, is available or not. If seats are available, computer prints and issues ticket and the details of the person getting reservation are recorded. The computer also prints reservation charts. It also gives information regarding flight departure and arrival time to the customer and the aviation department.
It is also used in the air traffic control system to control landing and takeoff of airplanes to minimize any accidental risk and to increase the number of flight in an airport. The computer is used to control The RADAR system and other communication devices.
10. Computer in Robotics
In robotics, the robot is computer-controlled programmable machines composed of mechanical body, and optical sensors to provide eye-vision. A robot contains one or more microprocessors to control its actions. It is designed to move parts or bodies, or equipment, to perform certain specialized works. In robotics, it is used to perform works such as dancing mankind device, walking, moving, placing devices in the right places, spray painting, welding, packing, and placing a huge amount of cartons. Now a day, the robot is used in hospitals to perform many works that are presently survived by nurses.
The robot can be used in hazardous places, where a man cannot work. A robot may be provided with artificial intelligence along with sensory capabilities such as hearing, smelling, sense of touch, and vision system.
11. Computer in Graphics
The computer is being used to draw drawings, graphics, and pictures. One need not depend on draftsman or artist for these purposes and available graphic software packages like Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw. The computer can draw sophisticated drawings in multi-color in minutes. The Graphics package is also used to recognize a picture, process images, draw a picture, and finally, it can also be modified.
12. Computer in Design and Research Work
Scientific and engineering design and research work involve complex and massive computations. In many cases simulation is also required. Design of bridges, towers, buildings, generators, motors, electrical transmission network, statistical analysis of the molecular structure of complex proteins
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